History of Physical Education (Primitive Society to Modern Society)

Physical Education
            The instrument in the exercise, care and hygiene of the human body, especially in course of gymnastics.



“Primitive Society”

            Primitive man moves according to their satisfaction, needs and necessity. They just live by means of hunting such wild animals in the forest, or by fishing along the rivers, streams and sometimes they engage in welfare murder to insure their protection from adverse elements or a hostile environments.
            Physical activities were not organized by them. Because their motives about this are for searching foods and protects their selves from their enemies, their gregarious nature was innate and drives only by mating and propagation that gives them desire to dance and play which not being organized.
            In the Ancient Oriental Countries, china concerned only by their intellectual excellence they neglecting physical activities however some are believes about the importance of this to the body and has a spirit. And this was only a riches and favored class this was music, dancing and archery. Like in split feather dance, whole feather dance, battle dance and the humanity dance which popular by them.
            Medical Gymnastics has developed as early as 2698 BC, people had felt illness because of their sedentary life which them to realize the importance of physical activities. The “Kung Fu” as an earliest exercise in the history that they contributed like in Ancient China, “Yoga” has been contributed also by Indian people that composed of exercises the posture and regulates breaths. This exercise has been accepted by people as the important activity to discipline minds and body.

            There as some Greece Philosopher, teachers and medical men who and contributes worth of Physical Education.
According to:
            Herodotus – recognized the use of physical education as an aid to medicine as early as the fifth century.
            Galen – stated that physical education is a part of hygiene and subordinate to medicine.
            Socrates – gave emphasis on the important of physical education attaining health in order to achieve one’s purpose in life grave mistakes caused by poor decisions can be a result of poor health.
            Plato – considered gymnastics and music as the two most important subjects in the curriculum.
            Xenophon – thought of physical education as important in terms of the military and essential to success in life soundness of the mind and body.


“The Physical Education during the Dark Ages”

            This period is the Physical activities are only characterized by the strong healthy and physically morally deteriorated as their way of life. This was the asceticism and scholasticism. Worldly pleasures are not recognized by them because they prepare their lives in the next world. So their body has not physically fit because they focus of what they believe. The scholasticism believes the key to successful life as the development of the mental or intellectual powers. This beliefs has presented a challenge to physical activities are not allowed to be one of the subject in curriculum.

“The Physical Education during the Age of Feudalism”

            The period of Feudalism come into the being often the death of powerful ruler Charlemagne in 1814, it was a system of land tenure that based upon the allegiance and service of the nobleman or lord which owned everything. The kinds of Physical Education were like a social and military in nature. That strengthens and hardens the body to be rigorous of whatever tasks.
Physical activities are played as a major part in the training of knighthood and for self preservation only.

“Physical Education during the Renaissance”

            The Physical Education has an impact to their bodies and soul that inspirable and endorsable. A good physical health promoted learning and rest and recreation that needed by the body. This believes was necessary for health to develop the body as a preparation for welfare and recognition for the important contribution of physical education to the social and moral life.

            In history of Physical Education Modern European countries reflected in the contribution of growth and advancement to which associated the Physical Education.
The Contributors:
Johann Bernhard Basedow (1723-1790)
      - established a school called Phelanthropinum the first school in modern Europe that offered a program where physical education was a past of the curriculum.

Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths (1759-1839)
      - wrote two books Gymnastics for the young and games which contained illustrations of various exercises and apparatus, arguments in favor of physical education institutions.

Gustaf Nybleus (1816-1902)
      - specialized in military gymnastics.
      - His innovation was the inclusion of women in the school.

Neil Bukh
      - introduced Primitive Gymnastics
      - attempted to build the perfect physique through a series of exercises that were performed with out cessation of movement.

Some contributors in the development as physical education as early as 20th century.

Thomas Dennison Wood – who were introduced natural gymnastics which gave more emphasis on game and game skills.
Clark Helturington – emphasized on children’s play activities.
Jessie Bancroft – influenced the development of physical education as a responsibility of homeroom teachers in the elementary schools.
Jacob Reis – Symbolic of the play ground movement in New York.

                  Their contribution was become broad and extensive programs that established in school recreational organizations and the agencies as a higher standards that had been produced.

“Physical Education in the Philippines”

            Just like in the primitive society, the activities in physical education were very important for survival because this was not affected of what every activities they have. Except for those enforce labor in a lower class which generally had a sedentary likes. While in American period it’s an interesting worthwhile for them.
There are some states that marked and significant event to the people:

1901 – Physical exercise was one of the subjects introduced in the public schools and regular program of athletics was developed.
1905 – Baseball and track and field were introduced and taught to the young boys in school.
1909 – The athletic program for the school was inaugurated and much emphasis was given to the playing of western sports and the coaching of tennis.
1910 – Basketball was first introduced as a game for girls in the Carnival Meet held in Manila, but was later discontinued in 1914 because it was found very strenuous for the girls.
1928 – A summer for coaching was held with the aim of helping the public school teachers in charge of athletics to improve their coaching methods.

Year Present
      Nov.15,1935, the Philippine Commonwealth that interrupted the Japanese occupation during the World War II. In 1937 Physical Education was made curricular subject in the secondary schools. The summer schools for Physical Education was been opened by the Bureau of Education under the direction of Serufin Aquino.
      The Physical Education was no able to have a chance to emphasis and it was sadly neglected by some Philippine School, after granting Americans independence. But because of the performance of the Filipino athletics this was being launched by the Secretary Education Honorable Carlos P. Romulo. He order No.15 series 1967 entitled “Physical Education and Sports Development Program” this was considerly shots to the arms which made gladness to the hearts of the Physical Educators of the country.
Today it revised to all of those schools in the country as one of the subject in academic and to development and evaluation of programs for promoting and improving organized sports in physical fitness for all numbers of the community.

Portrayed of Women In Japanese Bunraku Drama

Introduction:

            Bunraku or doll drama is a uniquely Japanese cultural form that combines three distinct and highly refined artistic disciplines: Joruri or ballad narration, Shamisen or the instrumental music and Ningyo Tsukai or the art of puppet manipulation. Bunraku is a puppet story telling accompanied with musical instrument. The true magic of Bunraku is revealed when the three independent components of movement, words and music come together – it is the awe inspiring ensemble work that evokes such deep emotion and wonder. This is extraordinary, multidimensional performance, displaying complexities not found in any other theater in the world. One of the examples of Bunraku Drama is the Love Suicide at Sonezaki. It is a love-suicide play by Chikamatsu. The play shows the adventure of Tokubei and Ohatsu and now it is said to be one of Chikamatsu’s domestic tragedies.
            Japanese tends to interpret the role of women in various plays according to their customs and tradition. In the story, The Love Suicide at Sonezaki, the women played an important role. Ohatsu and Tokubei’s Stepmother are the women who contributed a lot for the story to be interesting and a little bit complicated. Ohatsu acts as an understanding and faithful courtesan whom Tokubei is in love while Tokubei’s Stepmother is possessive and self-centered woman. In one way or another, the story portrayed the value of women in the society through what Ohatsu have done for Tokubei.


Love Suicide at Sonezaki


Summary:


            Tokubei together with an apprentice are making rounds of the firm’s costumers when they encounter Ohatsu who berates him for his coldness in not visiting or writing her and also for not confiding in her his troubles. Moved by her plea, Tokubei tells her everything. Tokubei’s Uncle convinced him to marry his Wife’s Niece but he had tried to politely refuse. His Uncle proposed the match to Tokubei’s stepmother who immediately agreed and returned to her village taking with her the dowry the uncle provided. This agreement remains unknown to Tokubei’s until his Uncle tries to force him into the marriage. Tokubei makes his refusal categorical and absolute this time that made his Uncle infuriated. He fires Tokubei from the firm and demands the return of the dowry which Tokubei does not have. Tokubei went to their village and forced the silver out of his Stepmother. On his return, Tokubei is collared by Kuheiji “the oil merchant”
who tells Tokubei that he desperately needs a loan or else he will go bankrupt. Since Tokubei is so kind hearted, he loans the two kamme but unfortunately Kuheiji denies the existence of any such debt when Tokubei ask to repay the now-overdue loan. Tokubei realizes that he has been perfectly swindled by Kuheiji, that’s why he attacks Kuheiji but he is trounced and beaten by Kuheiji and his followers. While recovering, Tokubei returns dejectedly to Ohatsu’s place. Ohatsu hides Tokubei but Kuheiji and some of his friends arrogantly stride in. They boast of now Tokubei and Ohatsu communicate through their hands and feet and decide to die within the day together. They sneak past the sleeping servant guarding the exit and travel to the “Wood of Tenjin”. By unusual tree in the Sonezaki Shrine, they do the grim deed!

Analysis:

            In the sort of Love Suicide at Sonezaki, women played an important role. Ohatsu, a courtesan whom Tokubei is in love contributed a lot to make the story an interesting one as well as Tokubei’s Stepmother who is so greedy and self-centered. Ohatsu made the sense of the story. Though Tokubei is the main character, Ohatsu puts spices in the story. She is the reason why Tokubei keeps on refusing to his uncle’s match. It is one of the reasons why they decided to die. Without Ohatsu, the story would be dull and boring because there will be no longer conflicts to happen. Some characters in the play tried to set them apart for their personal intentions. The love the have served as a foundation for them to be strong in every trials they have encountered. Ohatsu shows the real value of woman through the things she have done to Tokubei. She chose to die with him that to be in other’s arms. She shows the true essence of love! On the other hand, Tokubei’s Stepmother is also important. If she happens not to exist in the story, it won’t have any twist and conflicts. The story would flows boring. The scene with Tokubie’s Stepmother shows the greediness of one’s person that made the story a little bit complicated.

Conclusion:

            Based on the story, I conclude that if it is not our own flesh and blood you treat them different compare to our own! There is really a difference in treating them in the story. Tokubei and his Stepmother served as an example. His stepmother immediately agrees to his uncle’s agreement without knowing Tokubei’s plan and feelings. In general, parents showed too much love and care to their real child than to others which is too unfair!