Theories
of Motivation:
*Rational
economic man - people
are primarily motivated by economic needs. In the workplace, their feelings
must be controlled by the organization. (a theoretical
individual found in economic models, who acts entirely
for reasons of self-interest without any concern for others. As a consumerhe always
looks for the product that
gives most satisfaction, as aproducer for
the product that gives most profit.)
*Social
man - people are motivated by their relationships with others
and without this they do not exist. The need to belong to social groups and
teams is critical.
*Self
actualising man - people
are self motivated and self controlled. Given the appropriate opportunities and
resources they will apply their talents to achieve mutual goals.
*Complex
man - people are variable in what motivates them. Their self
motivation changes from time to time, and through time, and from situation to
situation. (that man has a hierarchy of
needs.)
*The
motivated man – Individual workers have two different
categories of needs that are independent of each other but affect human
behavior in different ways.
*The
Three-Tiered Satisfied Man – A combination of Maslow and
Herzberg’s motivation and Alderfers.
*The
achiever – People woth hogh need to achieve, do achieve more
than those with low need and with no need at all.
*The
Expectant Man – A theory where the workers perceived
competence to do a job well and the equitable reward he considers fair and
just.
*The
Managed Man – manager’s assumption about people and their
consequent operationalized defines his style of managing. This is labeled by
Theory X (the manager assumes that a typical person dislikes work and will
avoud if he can – has been associated with closed autocratic style) and Theory
Y (the manager assumes that a typical person, work is as natural as paly or
rest; has been associated with open and participative management style) of Mc
Gregor.
*The
learning – Reinforced Man – man learns from his environment
and greater control of this environment improves his development.
*Psychological
man - people are a complex, evolving, maturing, organism with
an ego ideal to strive for. Everything they experience, including their work
and its environment, is part of their identity.
Maslow
theory of motivation:
Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1990), an American psychologist. He
pointed out that motivation was NOT something done TO people by others but
fundamentally came from people's INNER NEEDS. In
striving to satisfy these needs, people were motivated to take action and
achieve.
Maslow suggested that there were five common needs that
operated as a hierarchy. That is, only when the most fundamental need was
satisfied would the next need act as a motivator, as follows:
* Maslow
suggests that people will be moved firstly to satisfy theirsecurity (physiological) needs (e.g. needs for food, rest, exercise,
air)
* once
those needs are satisfied, people would then seek to satisfy theirsafety needs (e.g. shelter, protection from danger
and threats)
* having
satisfied that need, people would seek to satisfy their social
needs (e.g. to
belong to a tribe or group or team, to associate and relate with others, to be
accepted)
* once
these needs were satisfied, people would seek to satisfy theirstatus needs (e.g. self esteem, recognition by
others, pride, dignity)
* and,
finally, people would seek to satisfy their self actualisation needs(e.g.
self respect, self confidence, autonomy of achievement, realisation of
potential).
An
alternative interpretation of this one of the motivation theories is that any
of these needs may become frustrated and rise to the top of the hierarchy.
Gandhi,
for example, threatened his security needs (by going on hunger strike) to
satisfy his self actualisation needs (to achieve independence for India).
