Theories of Motivation

Theories of Motivation:

*Rational economic man - people are primarily motivated by economic needs. In the workplace, their feelings must be controlled by the organization. (a theoretical individual found in economic models, who acts entirely for reasons of self-interest without any concern for others. As a consumerhe always looks for the product that gives most satisfaction, as aproducer for the product that gives most profit.)

*Social man - people are motivated by their relationships with others and without this they do not exist. The need to belong to social groups and teams is critical.

*Self actualising man - people are self motivated and self controlled. Given the appropriate opportunities and resources they will apply their talents to achieve mutual goals.

*Complex man - people are variable in what motivates them. Their self motivation changes from time to time, and through time, and from situation to situation.  (that man has a hierarchy of needs.)

*The motivated man – Individual workers have two different categories of needs that are independent of each other but affect human behavior in different ways.

*The Three-Tiered Satisfied Man – A combination of Maslow and Herzberg’s motivation and Alderfers.

*The achiever – People woth hogh need to achieve, do achieve more than those with low need and with no need at all.

*The Expectant Man – A theory where the workers perceived competence to do a job well and the equitable reward he considers fair and just.

*The Managed Man – manager’s assumption about people and their consequent operationalized defines his style of managing. This is labeled by Theory X (the manager assumes that a typical person dislikes work and will avoud if he can – has been associated with closed autocratic style) and Theory Y (the manager assumes that a typical person, work is as natural as paly or rest; has been associated with open and participative management style) of Mc Gregor.

*The learning – Reinforced Man – man learns from his environment and greater control of this environment improves his development.

*Psychological man - people are a complex, evolving, maturing, organism with an ego ideal to strive for. Everything they experience, including their work and its environment, is part of their identity.

Maslow theory of motivation:

Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1990), an American psychologist. He pointed out that motivation was NOT something done TO people by others but fundamentally came from people's INNER NEEDS. In striving to satisfy these needs, people were motivated to take action and achieve.

Maslow suggested that there were five common needs that operated as a hierarchy. That is, only when the most fundamental need was satisfied would the next need act as a motivator, as follows:

* Maslow suggests that people will be moved firstly to satisfy theirsecurity (physiological) needs (e.g. needs for food, rest, exercise, air)

* once those needs are satisfied, people would then seek to satisfy theirsafety needs (e.g. shelter, protection from danger and threats)

* having satisfied that need, people would seek to satisfy their social needs (e.g. to belong to a tribe or group or team, to associate and relate with others, to be accepted)

* once these needs were satisfied, people would seek to satisfy theirstatus needs (e.g. self esteem, recognition by others, pride, dignity)

* and, finally, people would seek to satisfy their self actualisation needs(e.g. self respect, self confidence, autonomy of achievement, realisation of potential).

An alternative interpretation of this one of the motivation theories is that any of these needs may become frustrated and rise to the top of the hierarchy.

Gandhi, for example, threatened his security needs (by going on hunger strike) to satisfy his self actualisation needs (to achieve independence for India).

Followership

Introduction

Followership is the act or condition of following a leader; adherence, followership can be defined in several ways. Webster's defines followership as "The capacitiy or willingness to follow a leader." Followership, like leadership, has a much more practical definition. The technical definition does say willingness. However, the will to follow is only one type of followership. You can be someone's follower and not realize it. In truth, everyone follows everyone else, because every action a person takes causes a reaction. For example, if a person tries to attack you, you "follow his lead" and defend yourself. In that scenario, you are the follower and he is the leader because his actions dictate your actions. Thus, everyone is a follower, no matter where they stand.

The Role of a Follower

Leadership and followership differ in one fairly discreet way. Basically, everyone is a follower, but not everyone is a leader. No matter how high up the chain of command one goes, there is always a step higher. The role of a follower, however, in many ways resembles that of a leader. Willingness to tell the truth forms a key ingredient of a "good" follower. Leaders depend on their subordinates for appropriate information. At times this information will prove unwelcome. Followers must have the confidence to speak out. They understand the necessity of the discomfort they may feel while communicating concisely with the leader, and they realise their role in helping the leader make better decisions. Having the fortitude to speak candidly with the leader also comprises a leadership trait. Followers, according to this point of view, must realize that silence is unacceptable.

Becoming an "effective" follower within the leader/follower conceptual universe takes just as much work as becoming a leader. Leaders must allegedly recognize the difference between pessimists, individuals just along for the ride, individuals working just for the paycheck, and participants (followers). Such leaders must reward followership. Organizations that clearly communicate guidelines for subordinates will have more success.

On a more basic level, however, a leader is following no matter where his position is. This comes from following his people, the ones who are following him. First, however, will be the definitions of leadership and followership.

Leadership vs. Followership

All leaders are followers, but not all followers are leaders. A leader is a follower because, not only does he have to follow anybody above him in the hierarchy, but he also follows the same people that he is leading. A good example would be drilling a flight. The leader, in this case a flight sergeant, gives an order and his followers, the flight, do as he says. However, they do not know the command well, so they do not perform is adequately. Because of that lack of knowledge, the flight sergeant will halt the flight and teach them how to do it. Right then, he became a follower because his actions were a direct result to the actions of his followers. Basically, because they did not know how to do the command, they lead the leader into teaching them how to carry out the command. The leader became a follower and the followers became the leaders.

A follower, however, does not have to be a leader. One can follow without leading, especially if he is too afraid to speak when he needs help. The leader cannot know what to do with the follower if the follower does not give him any feedback. Without that feedback, the follower cannot lead, and will remain a follower until he builds the courage to speak.

Thus leadership and followership are two things that can be in operation at the same time for the same person. It is possible to lead and follow at the same time and vice versa. The bridge between the two is communication. With adequate communication, the leader can tell his followers what he wants, and the followers can show him what they need him to do for them. Communication is the key to both leadership and followership.

Effective Followers vs Ineffective Followers

Leadership is not always perfect, there’s a good leadership and a bad leadership it is the reality that affects us greatly. Like leadership, there is also a good follower and a bad follower.

A few researchers have examined the characteristics of followers in an attempt to pinpoint what distinguishes good followers from bad ones. There are four essential qualities that effective followers share. First, effective followers manage themselves well. This quality refers to the ability to determine one’s own goals within a large context and to decide what role to take at any given time. Secondly, effective followers are committed to the organization and to a purpose beyond themselves. Thirdly, effective followers build their competence and focus their efforts for maximum impact. They strive to reach higher levels of performance and expand themselves. Finally, effective followers are courageous, honest, and credible. This implies and requires independent and critical thinking skills as well as the ability to feel comfortable with others.

One of the most important characteristics of an effective follower may be the willingness to tell the truth. As the quantity of available information has increased exponentially, it has become imperative that followers provide truthful information to their leaders. Good followers speak up even to the point of disagreeing with their leaders. The irony is that the follower who is encouraged and is willing to speak out shows what kind of leadership the company has instituted. Not only is it important for the organization to know what followers think, but effective leaders also need to respect followers who will speak up and share their points of view rather than withhold information. Ineffective followers fail to give honest opinions. They cover up problems and are inclined to become ‘yes men.’ If a company is going down the wrong road, it can get there faster if there are no followers informing the leaders that they took a wrong turn.

Effective followers are cooperative and collaborative, qualities that are essential to all human progress. They think for and manage themselves and carry out duties with assertiveness and energy. Effective followers are well-balanced and responsible human resources who can succeed without strong leadership because they are committed to a purpose, principle, or person outside themselves.

Effective followers are distinguishable from ineffective followers by their enthusiasm and self-reliant participation in the pursuit of organizational goals. Ineffective followers are often critical, cynical, apathetic, and alienated; many will only do what is specifically requested of them. Instead of figuring out what they can do, ineffective followers focus on what can go wrong and what is beyond their control. They tend to doubt themselves and, because they dwell on problems rather than solutions, they most often see their fears materialize. According to one researcher, they become experts at the “the blame game,” blaming everybody around them for problems. These attitudes gradually spread to other departments, and the result is low morale, lack of production, and lost human potential.

Reasons to Follow

There are many reasons to follow. Below are five diverse rationales that followers tend to use when deciding to follow a leader.

Fear of Retribution — “If I do not follow, I may lose my job!” Follow­ing out of fear isn’t as much following as it is using a coercive type of power. The leader in this case only continues being successful (in maintaining followers) as long as the follower sees no other option. Not a tool of effective (and ethical) leaders.

Blind Hope — “We must do something, and I hope this works!” In this situation, the follower is desperate for some solution and is probably only following due to a lack of alternatives. Leaders should watch out for followers like these, as they are likely to flee and follow others who give them more hope.

Faith in Leader — “What a great person. If anyone knows the answer, they do!” Here, the follower is blind to the solution but follows because they have put faith in the leader. Leaders should also be wary of these individuals, as they believe that by some magic or genius, the leader will provide the answer to the follower’s needs. Disappointment is in­evitable, and no leader is perfect.

Intellectual Agreement — “What a good idea, that certainly makes sense!” Logic guides this rationale, and the follower understands the logic of the argument the leader is putting forward. This type of follow­ership is common for educated individuals who need to comprehend why things happen.

Buying the Vision — “What a brilliant idea, I don’t care who thought of it!” When followers buy a vision, they are emotionally identifying with a view of the future that appeals to them in some way. They are not just following a leader or logic; they are focused on the idea of moving toward the shared goals of a group or organization. This is a very useful rationale for leaders to work toward, but only if it can be sustained over a period of time.

All leaders may experience these rationales by different individuals and at different times during their period of leadership. The goal is to work toward the desired rationale for the largest number of followers possible.

References:

 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5335/is_200605/ai_n21392284/

www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/elk1/elk1205/elk1205.pdf

http://www.leadingtoday.org/Onmag/marchapril03/follow32003.html

http://www.adrianwalsh.com.au/followership.htm

http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Followership

http://www.cadetstuff.org/archives/000196.html

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/followership

http://www.answers.com/topic/followership

http://westsidetoastmasters.com/resources/inner_leadership/lib0039.html

http://knol.google.com/k/followership-is-leadership#

Human Behavior

Introduction

Human behavior refers to the range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and/or genetics.

The behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior is considered as having social behavior, which is more advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior is evaluated relative to social norms and regulated by various means of social control.

Factors affecting human behavior

§  Genetics – affects and governs the individual's tendencies toward certain directions.

§  Attitude – the degree to which the person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question.

§  Social norms – the influence of social pressure that is perceived by the individual (normative beliefs) to perform or not perform a certain behavior.

§  Perceived behavioral control – the individual's belief concerning how easy or difficult performing the behavior will be.

§  Core faith - The person’s set of beliefs, like religion, philosophy, etc. Provided, sometimes subconsciously, by his or her family, peers, social media, and the society he or she lives in.

Classifications of Human Behavior

•        Conscious - State of awareness of thoughts, feelings, perception and what is going on

in the environment.

•        Unconscious –

Overt - Open to public observation

Covert - Unseen objects such as thoughts, feelings or responses which are not easily seen.

•        Rational - Pertaining to reason, influenced or guided by reason rather than emotion.

•        Irrational - Illogical

•        Voluntary - Intentional

•        Involuntary – Doing something against your will, action made without intent or

carried out despite an attempt to prevent them.

•        Simple – ex. What you see is what you get.

•        Complex - compound complicated behavior.

Theoretical approaches about the factors that cause, maintain, alter behavior, and mental process:

•        PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

-          is based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of

late personality traits and psychological problems. It also stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires and motivations on thoughts and behavior.

•        HUMANISTIC APPROACH

-          emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in directing his/her future, a

large capacity for personal growth, a considerable amount of intrinsic worth & enormous potential for self-fulfillment.

•        BEHAVIORAL APPROACH

-          Studies how organism learn new behavior or modify existing ones, depending on

whether events in their environment reward of punish these behavior.

•        COGNITIVE APPROACH

-          Examines how we process, store, and use information, and how this information

influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember believe and feel.

•        BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

-          Focuses on how genes, hormones & nervous system interact with the environment to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions at coping techniques.

Theories that explain motivation to Human Behavior

HUMAN NEEDS THEORY BY: MASLOW

•        PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

-          Needs such as air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep, activity and temperature maintenance are crucial for survival.

•        SAFETY AND SECURITY NEEDS

-          The need for safety has both physical and psychological aspects. The person needs to feel safe both in the physical environment and in relationship.

•        LOVE AND BELONGING NEEDS

-          The third level needs includes giving and receiving affection, attaining a place in group, and maintaining the feeling of belonging.

•        SELF-ESTEEM NEEDS

-          The individual needs both self-esteem (ex. Feelings of independence, competence, and self-respect) and esteem from others (ex. Recognition, respect, and appreciation)

•        SELF-ACTUALIZATION

-          When the need for self-esteem is satisfied, the individual strives for self-actualization, the innate need to develop one’s maximum potential and realize one’s abilities and qualities.

•        PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (Sigmund Freud)

-          This theory explained that human behavior is motivated by an inner force called the human mind. This theory was introduced by SIGMUND FREUD.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) was an Austrian physician who worked as an neurologist. Early in his career, he used hypnosis to treat people with physical and emotional problem. From his work with these patients, he began to conceptualize a theory of human behavior.

•        Freud theorized that people have two (2) basic instincts – SEXUAL and AGGRESSION. These two (2) basic instincts are not always socially acceptable. When people do not exhibit behavior that is not acceptable, do they often experience punishment, guilt and anxiety.

•        Freud’s theory describes a conflict between a person’s instinctual needs for gratification

and the demands of society for socialization. For Freud, a person’s core tendency is to

maximize instinctual gratification while minimizing punishment and guilt.

–  Addresses the relationship among inner experience, behavior, social roles & functioning. This theory proposes that conflicts among unconscious motivating factors affect behavior.

LEVEL OF AWARENESS

•        CONSCIOUS – aware of here and now, in contact with reality. It functions only when the person is awake.

•        PRECONSCIOUS / SUBCONSCIOUS – Contains the partially forgotten memories that can be recalled at will. Preconscious serves as the “watchman” by preventing unacceptable & anxiety producing memories from reaching the conscious awareness.

•        UNCONSCIOUS – The largest part of the personality that is often compared to the hidden iceberg under the water that contains memory that is forgotten & cannot be brought back to consciousness at will.

HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN AN ORGANIZATION

Human behavior in an organization determines the quality of work, progress and success of the organization. No machine and no computer can work by itself. No product is developed and manufactured by itself. It's the workforce or rather the human resources of an organization who develop ideas, create new products and services and then deliver them to the markets. Thus, it is important for the management of an organization to analyze the behavior of its entire work force. Human performance consulting is in vogue today, thanks to the greater emphasis on the psychology of the people behind the desk.

Every organization differs from the other with respect to its policies, work environment, recruitment process, job evaluation and culture. The most natural human tendency is to react positively and with great intensity where they are compensated well, encouraged well and get additional perks and holidays. In no way is it being suggested that an organization should overpay its staff. However, it must be kept in mind that the organization must treat its work force with immense dignity and respect and provide sufficient compensation. Even make the cleaning staff in your organization feel special and encourage them to do their task in the best possible way! The work force must be treated as an asset, not a liability, and once this is done you will notice remarkable change in the collective human behavior.

The external personal environment plays a major role in his/her behavior and attitude. We are social animals with unique aspirations, hopes, and insecurities. Only those who enjoy their work can have a healthy balance between personal and professional life. Those who don't enjoy their work will most likely not be satisfied with the work nor be content in their personal life due to the imbalance that exists.

One important way to analyze human behavior is to study the relationship effectiveness. How effectively your staff communicates and relates to each other can tell you how much they care for their work and the people around them. Without proper training the office dynamic can become imbalanced just like any natural system.

It is not likely for an accountant or a biologist to sit and study human behavior effectively. You must have trained experts who understand the unique challenges the workplace brings. Not everybody is gifted with the skill to foresee a person's behavior beforehand.

Conclusion

It is really important to know human behavior (the basics of it, the history of it, and why do we study human behavior) Because it helps you understand and appreciate people more. It allows you to know what drives people, and that they not always mean to hurt others but that's just the way they are. It helps you think of people in more positive ways.

This in all aspects of life, including in the work setting.

It will allow you to understand better the motives behind the actions of people, your closest relatives, and others, you parents and your kids. Just a little example: you encounter a person, and that person seems to be sad. You assume that it's something about you and you develop a negative thougt about that person.

However, when you understand how different people feel and act in different ways, you might understand that it's nothing about you; it's just the way the person behaves for whatever reason and possibly because of his/her own issues.

There are people reacting on emotional levels, while others would keep restrained and not give way to their emotions. Some people may appear as cold and indifferent. If you've ever thought this way about your spouse, once you learn about human behavior, you may change your attitude in this respect. You may come to understand that the other person possibly feels very much about you but is just not the type to show his/her emotions openly.

So understanding human behavior helps us understand better other people and ourselves. It helps us have a better life, and appreciate more the world around us.

  

References:

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20061110141807AAD3Xhc

http://www.212articles.com/articles/73307/1/Human-Behavior-In-Organization/Page1.html

http://www.tlcsem.com/bbehavior.htm

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadhb.html

http://www.bukisa.com/articles/214918_leadership-human-behavior

http://www.leadershipdevelopmenttraininghowto.com/behavior.htm

http://www.7lawsofattraction.net/human-behavior-leadership.html

http://gratewire.com/topic/leadership-human-behavior-this-is-a-topic-i-think-we-need-to-explore

http://www.tpub.com/content/advancement/14504/css/14504_16.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behavior

Communication

Introduction
The term 'Communication' has been derived from the Latin word 'communis' that means 'common'. Thus 'to communicate' means 'to make common' or 'to make known'. This act of making common and known is carried out through exchange of thoughts, ideas or the like. The exchange of thoughts and ideas can be had by gestures, signs, signals, speech or writing.
Communication is a learned skill. Most people are born with the physical ability to talk, but we must learn to speak well and communicate effectively. Speaking, listening, and our ability to understand verbal and nonverbal meanings are skills we develop in various ways. We learn basic communication skills by observing other people and modeling our behaviors based on what we see. We also are taught some communication skills directly through education, and by practicing those skills and having them evaluated.

Communication as an academic discipline relates to all the ways we communicate, so itembraces a large body of study and knowledge.
Communication is defined as:
1. The act of transmitting
2. A giving or exchanging of information, signals, or messages as by talk, gestures, writing
3. The information, signals, or message
4. Close, sympathetic relationship
5. A means of communicating; specif., a system for sending and receiving messages, as by telephone, telegraph, radio, etc.
6. A system as of routes for moving troops and material
7. A passage or way for getting from one place to another
8. The art of expressing ideas, esp. in speech and writing
9. The science of transmitting information, esp. in symbols
This definition suggests that there can be several different types of communication, falling into the categories of non-verbal or verbal.

Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication involves exchanging information or transmitting data without the use of words. There are many examples of non-verbal communication everywhere in the world.
While you may not stop to think about it, a red light or a stop sign is a clear form of non-verbal communication. No one is physically telling you to stop, but you see that symbol or signal and know immediately what is expected of you.
Likewise, body language and facial expressions are also examples of non-verbal communication. Over the years, numerous research studies have been done to suggest that babies respond to smiling faces the world over, and that when a person sees someone else smile, he may become a bit happier as well.
Thus, while understanding non-verbal communication may require some knowledge of the cultural and social meanings behind the symbols and signs used, some types of non-verbal communication are instinctual and no teaching is necessary.

Verbal Communication
The system of verbal communication has become quite complex, with unique languages each having millions of words.

Unlike non-verbal communication, in order for verbal communication to be meaningful, there must generally be a readily accepted understanding of the meaning of a series of sounds. In other words, sounds and words alone aren't sufficient to communicate: the person transmitting the message and the person receiving the message generally must have a cultural background or shared knowledge that allows them to understand what those sounds have come to mean.

However, even some oral or verbal communication can be intuitive. For example, animals use verbal communication all the time to transmit messages to each other. Birds sing, some bugs chirp when mating, hounds bark to alert the pack on a hunt, and even whales sing, although scientists aren't 100 percent certain what those songs mean.

The fact that language was one of man's earliest developments, and the fact that there are similarities among languages and that animals also engage in oral communication, all suggest that although some shared cultural understanding is necessary, the specific act of verbal communication may be innate.

Eight Essential Components of Communication
In order to better understand the communication process, we can break it down into a series of eight essential components:

Source
The source imagines, creates, and sends the message. In a public speaking situation, the source is the person giving the speech. He or she conveys the message by sharing new information with the audience. The speaker also conveys a message through his or her tone of voice, body language, and choice of clothing. The speaker begins by first determining the message—what to say and how to say it. The second step involves encoding the message by choosing just the right order or the perfect words to convey the intended meaning. The third step is to present or send the information to the receiver or audience. Finally, by watching for the audience’s reaction, the source perceives how well they received the message and responds with clarification or supporting information.

Message
“The message is the stimulus or meaning produced by the source for the receiver or audience.” When you plan to give a speech or write a report, your message may seem to be only the words you choose that will convey your meaning. But that is just the beginning. The words are brought together with grammar and organization. You may choose to save your most important point for last. The message also consists of the way you say it—in a speech, with your tone of voice, your body language, and your appearance—and in a report, with your writing style, punctuation, and the headings and formatting you choose. In addition, part of the message may be the environment or context you present it in and the noise that might make your message hard to hear or see.

Channel
“The channel is the way in which a message or messages travel between source and receiver.” For example, think of your television. How many channels do you have on your television? Each channel takes up some space, even in a digital world, in the cable or in the signal that brings the message of each channel to your home. Television combines an audio signal you hear with a visual signal you see. Together they convey the message to the receiver or audience. Turn off the volume on your television. Can you still understand what is happening? Many times you can, because the body language conveys part of the message of the show. Now turn up the volume but turn around so that you cannot see the television. You can still hear the dialogue and follow the story line.

Receiver
“The receiver receives the message from the source, analyzing and interpreting the message in ways both intended and unintended by the source.” To better understand this component, think of a receiver on a football team. The quarterback throws the football (message) to a receiver, who must see and interpret where to catch the ball. The quarterback may intend for the receiver to “catch” his message in one way, but the receiver may see things differently and miss the football (the intended meaning) altogether.

Feedback
When you respond to the source, intentionally or unintentionally, you are giving feedback. Feedback is composed of messages the receiver sends back to the source. Verbal or nonverbal, all these feedback signals allow the source to see how well, how accurately (or how poorly and inaccurately) the message was received. Feedback also provides an opportunity for the receiver or audience to ask for clarification, to agree or disagree, or to indicate that the source could make the message more interesting. As the amount of feedback increases, the accuracy of communication also increases.

Environment
“The environment is the atmosphere, physical and psychological, where you send and receive messages.” The environment can include the tables, chairs, lighting, and sound equipment that are in the room. The room itself is an example of the environment. The environment can also include factors like formal dress that may indicate whether a discussion is open and caring or more professional and formal. People may be more likely to have an intimate conversation when they are physically close to each other, and less likely when they can only see each other from across the room. In that case, they may text each other, itself an intimate form of communication. The choice to text is influenced by the environment. As a speaker, your environment will impact and play a role in your speech. It’s always a good idea to go check out where you’ll be speaking before the day of the actual presentation.

Context
“The context of the communication interaction involves the setting, scene, and expectations of the individuals involved.” A professional communication context may involve business suits (environmental cues) that directly or indirectly influence expectations of language and behavior among the participants.
Context is all about what people expect from each other, and we often create those expectations out of environmental cues.

Interference
Interference, also called noise, can come from any source. “Interference is anything that blocks or changes the source’s intended meaning of the message.” For example, if you drove a car to work or school, chances are you were surrounded by noise. Car horns, billboards, or perhaps the radio in your car interrupted your thoughts, or your conversation with a passenger.
Noise interferes with normal encoding and decoding of the message carried by the channel between source and receiver. Not all noise is bad, but noise interferes with the communication process. For example, your cell phone ringtone may be a welcome noise to you, but it may interrupt the communication process in class and bother your classmates.

Conclusion
Communication in its most basic sense is transferring information from sender to receiver. Communication is a very important aspect of the human life, since it is the communication that helps human beings to connect with each other as individuals and as independent groups. Communication is the very basis, which drives the process of development in all the fields. Also when communicating it is important to be a good communicator or a good listener so that there’s no misunderstanding will occur or problems.
Acquiring the skills of good communication is not difficult.  Using them when it really matters is the difficult part.  To help, there are several things you can keep in mind...
It takes two sets of skills, which I have called expressive and listening skills, to give and get information.  A further set of skills is then needed to manage the overall process.
Often, however, there is more good will between people than is at first apparent.  When everyone understands all the information, and when there are good enough relationships between people, resolution often emerges easily.
The two most common barriers to effective communication, I think, are a lack of skills, and the rules which forbid certain information.  Using the skills within the existing rules may resolve many issues.  The difficult issues, however, may not be resolvable within the rules.
It is when you use your communication skills to renegotiate the rules that real improvements in relationships and in problem solving become possible.

References:
 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_communication#ixzz1LpsviTAW
http://answers.yourdictionary.com/language/what-is-communication.html
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/why-is-communication-important.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication
http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/business-communication-success/70069#web-70069
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadcom.html
http://www.relationship-with-self.com/definitionofcommunication.html
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa93
http://www.k12.wa.us/curriculuminstruct/communications/default.aspx
http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/communicn.html

What is an EMO: Broken childhood, Rejection, Depression are several reasons why people tend to become an Emo..

Here's what i got to say:

Emo is the shortened term of the word Emotional. This is an entire subculture of people usually teens, normally from 15-17 year old teenager. They consider themselves to be much more attached to their emotions than anyone else; whereas they just really feel sorry for themselves. Most Emo’s will claim to be depressed or simply misunderstood. They think that they are unique, different from everybody. They regard themselves as artists. They usually like dark colors that’s why they are accused of being uncreative.
    

Emo’s like black, bet the are much lighter than a goth and the are much more of the characters of Harry Potter. They are loner type of people. Emo’s hate their selves and they want to kill their selves. They have long black hair with the side swept bangs hat covers one side of their face. They put eyeliners to darken their eyes. The usually wore black skinny jeans (both for guys and girls) and black shirts. For them, the tighter their jeans, the better. If an Emo can hardly walk because of their jeans, then they have reached the optimum emo status. Sometimes they wore stripy jumpers, like jeans this should again be worn as tight as possible. Breathing is a luxury one should sacrifice. They like flats and tatty converse and the emo style music.
          

This emotional people or mostly known as Emo’s are very emotional. Emotional since they are very attached to their emotions. They are loner type of people. They are very sensitive in their feelings that seems like no one could understand them. Even though they act like that they, Emo’s know how to smile and they can laugh.

These people are seeking attention from their friends, parents or love ones. Sometimes they cut their wrists. They like rock and emo music played by their favorite emo bands.

There are two types of emo, the fake and real Emo. The Fake or Trendy Emo, these are the people that force to be and Emo. The try to dramatize their lives, and think that wearing black and cutting their wrists makes them an Emo. They are doing those things because they think emo is a fashion. They listen to emo and dresses like dorks. They were doing this to attract girls because they think that girls like sensitive guys and that they are not afraid to express their selves. They dye their hair black, put bangs to cover half of their faces, wrap their selves with a dull looking scarf, develop an eating habit and rant about how “nobody understands” them.

The True or Real Emo, someone who is overly emotional and depressed. Real Emo’s can smile and be happy. Many people suffering from Manic Depression are labeled emo because they can’t help feeling life like a misery. A lot of them cut their wrists, hence people labeling other people who cut as Emo. For them, a hardcore emo occasionally cut their wrists. Emo’s look down on someone else. They are accused of being uncreative, judgmental and the sole cause of their depression.


Emo’s are usually seen on bands. These are just the few artists who want to express their selves through music; My Chemical Romance, Red Jumpsuit Apparatus and Click Five are just some of the famous emo bands. My Chemical Romance is the first Emo band that invades the Philippines. They are ever inch an Emo, from head to foot. Although no their first single, their song “teenager” has a big effect to their listeners. Teenagers is an eye opener on how other parents want their child to be so perfect in the eyes of other people that they neglect their child’s feelings or opinion. The band encourages the teenagers to fight for their right in this song (but not to rebel). Also, they want those kinds of parents to be more sensitive and understanding to their child. Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, even though this band doesn’t look so emo, aside from their one sided bangs and tatty converse, we labeled them as on of the famous emo bands. “Face Down: is their most famous song, the song is about how the band looks down to men that hurt their girlfriends or wife physically; how they really respect women. The composition also includes their personal feelings about the issue. Click Five, we’ve stated that this band is one of the famous emo bands partly because of their looks, the way they dress up and also because of their music, so full of emotions. One of their famous songs is “Jenny”, it talks about their perspective on how girls easily change their min and they, the boys, don’t understand it. Also, mood swings of girls and why girls don’t directly say what they mean or what exactly they want.


Here are some reasons why people tend to become an Emo. Usually, it’s because something really devastating happened in their life especially in childhood and they don’t know how to handle or deal with it. Having a broken childhood where they are not given enough attention, they think they are different; for example, if a child is always neglected or ignore by her his parents even if he she is making some way to catch the attention of his parents or when he is good in the class and he make some good deeds when his parents could be proud of or when he she experience some problem but then he she is not given attention by his parents, or when the are always scolded by their parents and compared to their other brothers and sisters. This may cause them to think that they are different from others and they may lead the child to become an emo when they grow up. Being rejected by their friends or a change of friends, friends have big influence to change one’s attitude, looks and identity. Friends have a big role especially on growing teens. Whenever teens are happy, emotional, down, when they have problems at home or with their boyfriends or girlfriends. They often go to their friends to lessen their grudges. Sometimes, because of some instances such as friends, one is rejected, this rejection causes there teens to feels that they are different, they tend to become different, sometimes a change of friend may have influenced them to change their attitudes, looks and identity, this may happen when you transfer from a school or living places, or when you are rejected by your friends. They find friends who could understand them in their problems they are facing. Their friends might change them, in their looks, attitude even their identity to so that they can get along with them. Fashion could also be a reason why a person becomes an emo. They want to get along with the fashion trend. Nowadays, more trends are engaged to fashion. They become trendy and they go along with something new. Since these emo trends are famous, some follow these especially the way they dress. Because these emo is famous they tend to duplicate the emo looks. Lack of one’s identity and being at an impressionable age might lead a child to become emo. As we all know, all teens are an adolescence stage, wherein this stage, they need more attention and guide from the older ones. At this stage, they can’t manage to express their feelings and also at this stage. They are discovering who they can and their identity. When they are not given extension and a chance to express their thoughts, it causes them to lose their identity. Being an Emo is just their self expression. Emo is not a cult; it’s not about being a villain. Being a Emo is just a persons way of expressing their selves. How they act, they dress and get along with many people. It’s just their way of showing who they are and how they live. Being rejected by someone they really love and they can’t move on, they become very depressed and become an Emo. Teens nowadays are more open and usually engaged to the thing called “love” once these teens fall in love and broke their hearts, they can hardly move on from the pain they experienced. Emotional stress or a sudden phase of wanting to be different from the world, most of them are very emotional and just express it through clothing like an Emo. Having family problems, trying to find emo friends to show their selves, finding no more reasons to live and to think that they have their own world are some of the reasons. Music is a main reason why people might end up being an emo. They end up imitating their favorite bands.


Conclusion:

Emo is not a disease. It’s barely a lifestyle. It is their choice. It is their way of expressing their self. Let us respect it, understand and learn about it. Let us not associate emo with suicide or any other negative action. Everbody have the right to express them selves and being an emo is their way of expressing it. Let us respect it and try not to judge them on how they look. Emo’s need understanding, attention and care, instead of criticizing them let’s try to bear with them the depression that they are going to. Being an emo is not bad, unlike many of us thinks. It’s not a cult; it’s just their way of living. Not all people who has one sided bangs, skinny jeans and tatty converse is emo. It’s just a fashion statement. A genre of music and expression of one’s self. Being an emo is not evil.


Hope You like it. 






More info about emo:
http://www.emo-corner.com/what-is-emo/

Emo Definition:
What is emo? Well most people would consider it punk with emotion is what we would call the classification of a new rising way of feeling your inner self. 

More About Emo:
Close enough to punk and rock Emo is now know for it's more emotional state of mind. Instead of the anger hard-core way of expressing one-self , Emo (short for emotional) has taken a new tole on the twentith century of expressing yourself. From the music with strong emotion and feeling, unlike hard rock or this is more of an alternative way to let your feeling be known.Emo is not only a classification or a type of music it's also taken over the way one expresses themself by dressing. It includes the tighter fiting pants to the dyed-black or dark hair with it covering your face. The longer hair in front with the spikes in the back is also a more Emo- or emotional look to dressing. Emo is also being known as for the hot emo guys and emo girls kissing. From pictures all on the web to the music videos. Hot emo girl to girl and well as hot emo guy to guy is becoming more and more adventurous and more open concluding; Emo meaning being comfortable with oneself. Its a more direct way of altering the feelings one has without words, just emotion.

Some say music is not a type of music. That it is more of a fashion and a way of feeling, hence the emotional. Just recently people have been considering emo to be a genre or music.. Taking back Sunday is one of the many bands people consider to be emo.


The History of Emo from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo_(slang)

another explanation from wisegeek:
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-emo.htm